THE EARLY VICTORIAN STYLE

Comprises the reigns of George IV. (1820-30), William IV. (1830-37), and Victoria (part of) (1837-51).

ARCHITECTURALCHARACTER

Westminster palace london

The notes on this period are merely given as explanatory of the general course of architecture at this time. The beginning of the century saw Palladianism on the decline, and the introduction of eclecticism as a governing idea in architectural design. The writings of Professor Cockerell and the publications of the Society of Dilettanti (A.D. 1769), caused an increased interest in Classic architecture and the erection of buildings copied from Greek originals, which is known as the “Greek Revival," a movement much strengthened by the importation of the Elgin marbles in 1801-1803. Somewhat later, the influence of literature helped to produce what is known as the “Gothic Revival."

EXAMPLES

The Classical School

H. W. Inwood ( 1794-1843 ): New Church of S. Paneras ( 1819 ), an attemp to copy absolutely the purest of Greek detail, reproducing in many aspects the Erechtheion, Athens.

Nash (1752-1835 ), of the Regency, introduced the age of stucco ; Haymarket Theatre ; Buckingham Palace, since altered by Blore ; Regent Street, with Quadrant ( the colonnades have since been removed ) ; All souls, Langham Place, and the laying out of the Regent's Park in Palatial blocks of symmetrical architecture.

William Wilki/!s (1778-1839): University College, London ; theNationalGallery(fettered withconditions) ; S. George's Hospital, London ; Museum at York ; Downing College, Cambs., and The Grange House, Hants (1820).

Sir Robert Smirke (1780-1867), a pupil of Sir John Soane : The British Museum (1823-1847) (in which remark the application of the usL4ess but grandeur-giving porticos to public buildings) ; General Post Office ; King's College, London (1831).

George Basevi (1795-1845), a pupil of Sir John Soane, erected Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambs.

Decimns Burton (i 800-1 881) : Screen at Hyde Park Corner in 1824; Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, and United Service Club, Pali Mall.

H. L. Elmes (1815-1847) : S. George's Hall, Liverpool, won in competition, is the most perfect design of the Classic School, the main hall recalling the Roman Thermae (page 144). Externally a colonnade and portico design is handled with great effect. On the death of Elmes, Prof.Cockerell completed the decoration of the interior. The vault was executed in hollow tiles by Sir Robert Rawlinson.

SirW. Tite (1798-1873): Royal Exchange, London.

Prof. C. R. Cockerell, R.A. (1788- i863),travelledmuchin Greece and Italy, and pubUshed "The Greek Temples of /Egina and Bassae." He erected theTaylorand and Randolph Institute, Oxford ; the Sun Fire Office, Threadneedle Street, London (recently altered) ; Banks of England at Manchester, Bristol, and Liverpool ; and Hanover Chapel, Regent Street (1825) (lately demolished).

Sir Charles Barry (1795-1860) travelled extensively in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. He abandoned the fashion of useless porticos, and brought in the " astylar " treatment of design.

Sir James PennetJiorne (180;- 1871), assistant to Nash, and influenced by Barry, discarded porticos as unnecessary, and fol- lowed on Renaissance rather than Classic lines : Geological Museum, Piccadilly (after courtyard of the Doge's Palace, Venice)

E.M. Barry (1831-1880) : Covent Garden Theatre ; The Art Union Building, Strand ; Charing Cross Station. He endeavoured to intro- duce the Early French Renaissance as in theTemple Chambers,Victoria Embankment, London.

Nelson: Junior United Service Club.

F. P. Cockerell : The Free- masons' Tavern.

Sir Gilbert Scott (1810-1877) : The Foreign Office

Sir Digby Wyatt (1820-1877) : Courtyard to India Office.

Messrs. Banks and Barry : Dul- wich College; Buidington House (the Courtyard and fa9ade to Piccadilly).

Sidney Sinirke : The story added to Burlington House; British Mu- seum reading-room ; Carlton Club, Pall Mall, after the library of S. Mark, Venice.

Leivis VuUianiy : Dorchester House, London, after a Roman Renaissance palace, has unique decorative work inside by Alfred Stevens.

John Gibson : National Provincial Banks in London and the provinces, in which the Classic orders embracing two stories are freely introduced ; the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, in Northumberland Avenue, London, since altered; Todmorden Town Hall

Sir Horace Jones: The Smithfield Market and Guildhall School of Music.

Capt. Fowke and Assistants : The Science College, South Kensington, and the Albert Hall.

Crossland : Holloway College, Egham (after Chateau de Chanibord).

Whichcord: S. Stephen's Club; National Safe Deposit, London.

Davis and Emnumuel : City of London Schools.

Burns: Biiccleuch House, Whitehall.

Alexander Thomson, of Glasgow, known as "Greek Thomson": several buildings at Glasgow with a peculiar severe treatmentof modern Greek which had much influence.

H. Carrey : S. Thames's Hospital.

Bodley and Garner : London School Board Offices, Thames Embankment. The student confined to London may obtain an idea of the early French Renais- sance style by an inspection of this building.

H. Gribble : The Oratory at Brompton, west front and dome added later. (The Italian style a condition of the competition.)

ondition of the competition.) IF. Young: Glasgow Municipal Buildings,inthePalladian manner; Gosford Park ; War Office, Whitehall

Learning Brothers : Admiralty Buildings, Whitehall. (The result of an open competition which practicallysounded the death knell of Gothic architecture for public buildings.)

R. Norman Shaw : New Zealand Chambers, Leadenhall Street, London ; country houses, as "Wispers" ; Lowther Lodge, Kensington, and houses at Bedford Park, Chiswick ; Alliance Assur- ance Office, Pall Mall ; houses at Queen's Gate, London; house near Salisbury, in the Wren style ; "Craigside,""Dawpooi;'and"Bryanston,'" near Salisbury; houses at Hampstead ; Harrow Mission Church, Wormwood Scrubs ; New Scotland Yard (Anglo-Classic).

T. G. Jackson : Work at Oxford ; the Examination Schools and additions to colleges in revived Elizabethan.

Ernest George and Peto (Influ- ence of Flemish Renaissance) : Works at CoUingham Gardens and Cadogan Square, London ; houses at Streatham Common ; Buchan Hill, Sussex, and others.

H. L. Florence: Hotel Victoria, Holborn Viaduct, Hotel and Station ; Woolland's premises, Knightsbridge.

E. R. Robson ami J. J. Steven- son : Work for London School Board; London typical style in red brick dressings and yellow stocks.

E. R. Robson : Institute of Water Colors, Piccadilly ; the New Gallery; the People's Palace, London.

R. IF. Edis: Constitutional, Junior Constitutional, and Badminton Clubs, London.

T. E. Colcutt: Imperial Insti- tute ; City Bank, London ; Palace Theatre ; Lloyd's Registry Office, London.

E. W. Mountford: Sheffield Town Hall; BatterseaTown Hall ; Battersea Polytechnic; Liverpool Technical Schools and Art Galleries ; Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, London.

J. M. Brydon : Chelsea Town Hall and Polytechnic; Bath Municipal Buildings, Art Gallery, and Pump Room ; Government Offices, Westminster.

j. Belcher : Institute of Chartered Accountants ; Colchester Town Hall; Eastern Telegraph Co. Offices, Finsbury Circus, Electra House, Moorgate St., London (a monumental example of street architecture), and several large houses.

Victoria and Albert Museum

E.W Mountford sheffield town hall

E.M Barry Covent garden theatre

R.W Edis constitutional club

J. Belcher. Institute of chartered accountants

T.E Colcutt Imperial InstituteW.

Young glassgow municipal building

The Gothic School

Savage: S. Luke, Chelsea ( 1820 ), an early attempt at revived Gothic, being clothed with details, directly copied feom old cathedrals and churches.

Sir Jeffrey Wyatville ( 1766- 1840 ) : transformed Windsor Castle in 1826. This started a fashion for castellated mansions, internally of the traditional architecture.

William Wilkins: New Court, Trinity College, Cambs., and the New Buildings, King's College, Cambs.

John Shaw ( A. D. 1776-1832 ) : S. Dunstan in the West, Fleet Street ( A. D. 1831-1832 ), a fine treatment of a town church, since spoilt by erection of adjacent buildings.

Augustus Well)y Northmore Pugin (18 1 2- 1852), from being employed upon his father's books of mediaeval architecture, acquired an extraordinary knowledge of the style. He published a rousing pamphlet contrasting the " de- graded " architecture of the day with what he called the " Christian " style. A new spirit of church building was awakened. In the Gothic revival Pugin sought to restore the fervour of faith and the self-denying spirit which were the real foundations of the artistic greatness and moral grandeur of the Middle Ages.

Sir Cliarles Barry : Birmingham Grammar School, 1833 ; Houses of Parliament, commenced 1840 (No. 263), in which symmetry of the leading lines on plan, simplicity of idea, and richness of character pervade the whole design, which is Classic in inspiration.

Sir Gilbert Scott (1810-1877) : Camberwell Church ; S. Mary, Stoke Newington ; the Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford ; church at Haley Hill, Hahfax (1855) ; church at Hamburg; S. George, Doncaster (1853) ; S. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh ; S. Mary Abbott, Kensington ; the Albert Memorial ; S. Pancras Station ; buildings in Broad Sanctuary, Westminster ; many other new churches, houses, and restorations.

Owen Jones : S. James's Hall, a modern version of Venetian Gothic. Benjamin Ferrey : S. Stephen, Westminster.

William Biitterfield : Keble College, Oxford ; All Saints, Margaret Street, London ; and S. Alban, Holborn, all of which show the increasing desire for and study of color.

tudy of color.

G. E. Street (1824-1881) : S. Mary Magdalene, Paddington ; S. Jamesthe Less, Westminster, 1861 ; the Law Courts, London ; house in Cadogan Square ; the Convent, liast Grinstead ; house and church at Holmwood, and elsewhere.

W. Burges (1828-1881) : Cork Cathedral (1870) ; restored Cardiff Castle, and built his own house in Melbury Road, London ;the Speech Room, Harrow School.

R. Brandon : Catholic and Apostolic Church, Gordon Square, London, 1859.

E. ]V. Godwin : Congleton Town Hall, Bristol Assize Courts, and Northampton Town Hall, since altered.

A. Waterhouse : Manchester Town Hall and Assize Courts; Natural History Museum, 1879: Prudential Assurance Offices, Hol- born; Eaton Hall, Cheshire; City Guilds of London Institute, South Kensington.

Deane and Woodward : The Oxford Museum, directly the out- come of Ruskin's teaching.

Philip Webb : " Clouds,'" Hampshire ; Lord Carlisle's house, Kensington ; offices at Lincoln's Inn Fields.

W. E. Nesfield : Lodges at Kew and Regent's Park, and many houses.

J. L. Pearson, R.A. : Truro Cathedral. His eight London churches

(1) Holy Trinity, Bessborough Gardens (1850).

(2) S. Anne, Lower Kennington Lane.

(3) S. Augustine, Kilburn. (4) S. John, Red Lion Square.

(5) S. Michael, est Croydon.

(6) S. John, Upper Norwood.

(7) Catholic Apostolic Church, Maida Hill.

(8) S. Peter, Vauxhall. Chiswick Parish Church (additions) ; S.John, Redhill ; S. Alban,

Birmingham. Astor PZstate Offices, Thames Embankment.

James Brooks : Churches in Holland Road, Kensington,Gospel Oak, and many others round London.

Goldie : S. James, Spanish Place, London.

G. G. Scott : S. Agnes, Kennington ; churches at Southwark and Norwich ; the Greek Church, Moscow Road, London ; S. Mark, Leamington, 1879; additions to Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Basil Champneys: Girton and Newnham Colleges, Cambridge Indian Institute and Mansfield College, Oxford; S. Bride's Vicarage, London ; Rylands' Library, Manchester.

Bodley and Garner : Church at Hoar Cross, Staffordshire ; Clumber Church ; churches at Hackney Wick, Castle Allerton, Leeds, Folkestone, and elsewhere.

John F. Bentley : New Cathedral, Westminster; the Church of the Holy Rood, Watford ; S. Luke's Church, Chiddingstone Causeway; S. Thomas's Seminary, Hammersmith ; S. John, Hammersmith; S.John, Brentford; S. Mary, Clapham, and many others.

Sir Arthur Blonifield : S. Mary, Portsea,and many other churches ; Sion College, Thames Embankment ; the Church House, Westminster ; All Saints, Brighton

Paiey and Austin: Stockport and other churches in Lancashire.

Douglas and Fordham : Churches and domestic half-timber work, in Chester and elsewhere.

J. D. Sedding (1837-1892): Holy Trinity Church, Chelsea (1890), marks the raising of the arts and craftsinto their proper importance; the Church of the Holy Redeemer, Clerkenwell (a new version of the Wren style) ; S. Clement, Bournemouth, and domestic work adjacent ; Children's Hospital, Finsbury, London, and in conjunction with H. W. Wilson, S. Peter, Ealing.

Sir Aston Webb and Ingress Bell : Birmingham Assize Courts; In- surance Buildings, Moorgate Street, London; Christ's Hospital, Horsham, Sussex.

Sir Aston U'elib : Metropolitan Life Office, Moorgate Street; I'^ench Church, Soho Square, W. Ernest Neivton : Houses at Haslemere, Wokingham and elsewhere.

During the last fifty years the pages of the professional journals have contained most of the noteworthy buildings erected, and it is a source of much pleasure and instruction to go through these records of the developments which have taken place, for they seem to show that a style or manner in architecture is being slowly worked out